The Reciprocal Geometry topic defined the basic geometric relationships between the various regions defined by Larson. From those relations, we have learned that space progresses linearly (translation) from the region of observation, and rotationally for the regions observed across any unit boundary. Since we observe and measure from the time-space region, I will proceed from that assumption.

The progression of the natural reference system therefore moves linearly outward in 3 dimensions from our perspective of the time-space region. Larson calls this the “progression of the natural reference system”, and RS2 supports his conclusions regarding this region.

However, once we cross the unit space boundary into the time region, where atomic motions take place, we view that region as counterspace—a polar region where rotation is primary. Therefore, it progresses rotationally—not linearly, and forms “rotational bases” as a natural consequence of that progression. Larson’s “direction reversals” are no longer a natural consequence, nor is the linear vibration creating the photon a natural consequence of counterspace.

So what does manifest? All we have to do is change speed from Unity, and see what develops. Working within the time region, we must have the spatial aspect fixed at unity, so only the temporal aspect is variable. Due to the discrete unit postulate, the minimum speed is 1, and must proceed in integer steps. The next logical step is therefore a speed of 1/2—the temporal aspect increasing by 1 natural unit.

The result: a unit of rotating “time”, which in Larson’s original notation^† would be 0-0-1. This makes the first identifiable manifestation as the positron (not the photon).

† Larson uses a different notation in his earlier publications that include the “rotational base” as 0-0-1 for sub-atomic particles. He later dropped this notation, and used 0-0-0, which included the assumption of an underlying “base” displacement. This change, and the resulting fact that 0-0-0 worked better as a notation, indicates that the concept of a “rotational base” may be flawed.

It’s cosmic counterpart, a speed of 2/1 (where the temporal aspect is fixed at unity) becomes the c-positron, 0-0-(1), which is identified as the electron.

Here, again, the natural consequences of rotational space differ from Larson’s original conclusions in two respects:

1. the positron is the first manifestation (Larson has the photon), and
2. the electron is a cosmic particle (Larson has it as a material particle).

The fact that the electron is actually a cosmic particle clears up much of the observed electron behavior, particularly its photon-like wave/particle duality.

Charge on Electrons

Electrons and positrons come in two “flavors”, charged and uncharged. Larson attributes this to the addition of a rotational vibration, though the origin of this rotational vibration is left unexplained. A second problem with Larson’s electron model is that it does not account for the ability of the electron to emit “radio waves”—something that cannot be ignored.

The photon is comprised of two rotations, working as a birotating system, resulting in a cosine wave function—Larson’s “linear vibration.” (See Nehru’s paper, The Photon as birotation to see how this can be derived from the RS).

In a 3-dimensional system, this birotation occupies 2 dimensions, leaving one dimension “free” so the photon is carried by the progression of the natural reference system at the speed of light.

The positron and electron, as described above, can be seen as having either one or two rotations, with one of the two rotations moving at unit speed. This puts them in the behavioral category of photons—electrons and positrons are just “special case” photons, with the “special case” being that one of the birotating components is at unit speed.

Larson describes the uncharged electron as acting photon-like, being carried by the progression of the natural reference system at the speed of light. When the electron acquires a charge, it no longer moves at the speed of light but becomes a free-roaming “particle”, “static electricity.”

Analysis of this behavior indicates that the uncharged electron has at least one free dimension to be carried by the progression, and it loses that (or those) dimensions when acquiring a charge.

Consider: what if an uncharged electron, a spatial displacement, encountered a photon of spatial displacement? Since the relation of space-to-space does not constitute motion, the photon will become trapped within the electron. The uncharged electron, being comprised of a “half birotation”, has two “free” dimensions at unit speed. The photon, a “birotation”, has one free dimension. When a photon gets trapped inside an electron, the photon occupies the two free electron dimensions, and the electron occupies the one free photon dimension, leaving no dimensions to be carried by the progression of the natural reference system. This capture results in two observable effects: first, the electron is no longer being carried by the progression, and has become a free-roaming particle (behavior of the charged, “static” electron). Secondly, the cosine-wave function of the photon birotation will be added to the basic rotation of the electron, producing a 1-dimensional, rotational vibration (the “charge” of the charged electron).

The charge on the electron is therefore a captured photon.

Radio “Waves”

Earlier I mentioned “radio waves”, which are “electromagnetic energy” or just simply “photons.”

The only constraint for an electron to capture a photon is that the photon have a spatial displacement—the number of units (“Frequency”) does not matter—they will still be captured by electrons, as it is the spatial displacement that is the mechanism of capture, not the quantity. And which photons are the ones with spatial displacements? Larson calls them “low frequency”: near ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio and television.

We can now see the mechanism of how radios work. Electrons capture and/or emit photons, and are the carriers of photons thru conductors. It is a noticed effect of RF (Radio Frequency) circuitry and antennae—the “skin effect”—where the electrons travel across the surface of the conductor—not thru it. This is the same behavior of charged electrons (surface “static” electricity) versus uncharged electrons (thru the conductor).

Electron Pairs—Birotating Electrons

Since an electron can capture a LF photon—space-displaced motion—and an electron is also a photon-like, space-displaced motion, the possibility arises that an electron can also capture another electron, resulting in an “Electron Pair as a Birotation” (See: Superconductivity: A Time Region Phenomenon, KVK Nehru, Reciprocity XIX #3, 1990). Nehru, quoting Larson from Basic Properties of Matter, p. 113, states:

“[In the] uncharged state the electrons cannot move with reference to extension space, because they are inherently rotating units of space, and the relation of space to space is not motion. … In the context of the stationary spatial reference system the uncharged electron, like the photon, is carried outward… by the progression of the natural reference system.”

“But as the temperature is decreased below the critical value T_c, and the electrons in the solid enter the region of the inside of the compound unit of space, the direction of the electron motion changes from outward to inward from the point of view of the stationary reference system. Thus the electrons start moving toward each other, as if mutually attracting.

“Remembering that the electron is a unit of rotational space, when two of them with anti-parallel rotations approach each other to an effective distance of less than one compound unit of space, the two opposite rotations form into a birotation. As explained in detail elsewhere (The Law of Conservation of Direction, Reciprocity XVIII #3) a birotation manifests as a SHM [Simple Harmonic Motion]. We might call this process the “pair condensation,” following the conventional nomenclature.”^††

††See the RS2 article “Photons” for the Euler relations showing how two rotations join to form a simple harmonic motion.

Nehru goes on to state the characteristics of paired electrons as being:

1. The character of the motion changes from rotational (two-dimensional in extension space) to linear (one-dimensional in extension space).
2. The magnitude of the motion changes from steady (constant speed in time) to undulatory (varying speed in time).
3. The dimensional reduction removes all electrical resistance when flowing thru a conductor (superconducts).

For all practical purposes, the paired electrons act like a photon, with one important difference—the two electrons are adjacent in time, and therefore do not have to be adjacent in space.

Electron Triplets—Charged, Birotating Electron Pairs

Paired electrons, through this “dimensional reduction”, only occupy two dimensions, and still have one “free” dimension—a dimension that can capture yet a third electron. This capture adds a rotational motion to the vibratory motion of the prior, birotating electron pair, and will produce a rotational vibrating electron “trinity,” adjacent in time, but distributed in space.

The result? Birotating, paired electrons can come in two “flavors”: uncharged (behaving as a photon) and charged (behaving as a charged electron).

There are now four possible electron combinations:

The latter two form the basis of an idea known as Cold Electricity, which theorists assume is the type of electricity that Nikola Tesla used in many of his machines.

Electron Aggregates

Electrons, actually being cosmic positrons, have a spatial displacement and hence fall in to the intermediate speed range. In other words, their rotational speed is faster than the speed of light. This results in two interesting phenomena:

1. All electron motion is quantized when we measure it. This suggests that the quantum distribution of electrons about atoms is a property of the electron—not the atom.
2. All electron motion is 2-dimensional—appears as a surface, not a volume.

A third item was also discovered that is unique to charged electron pairs:

3. The charged electron pairs, being composed of three electrons, has sufficient spatial displacement to have a physical effect outside of the unit boundary (described in the “Inter-Atomic Distance” chapter of Larson’s Basic Properties of Matter, where the effect outside unit space is computed via the natural logarithm of the net displacement, and ln(3) > 1).

What this means is that the charged, paired electrons, which attract each other in extension space, will actually form aggregates—and those aggregates will be in the form of a surface. The simplest such surface is a hollow sphere.

This bears a remarkable resemblance to Kiril Chukanov’s devices presented to ISUS members in Utah a couple of years ago, as well as defining all the basic characteristics of ball lightning (ignores gravity, ability to pass thru solid objects, hollow, bubble-like structure), and the “EVs” that Phil was discussing.