Solid Rotations

In the counterspace of RS2, all motion is polar within the time region. Photons and electrons are polar motions, which we observe as, what Larson calls "single (1-dimensional) rotation." The next logical step is a 2-dimensional polar motion, which we see as a solid rotation. Note that this is not a motion IN two dimensions, but a TWO-DIMENSIONAL motion.

Also in RS2, "conservation of motion" must occur. This is the underlying principle of all conservation rules. A 2-dimensional motion cannot be created without a second 2-dimensional motion to counter it. We see this in the bi-rotational structures of the photon and electron/positron systems, and it still applies here. In RS2, a solid bi-rotation will follow all the bi-rotational rules for single rotations with one, important exception, due to the physical limit of three independent dimensions.

In the cases of the photon and electron, there are sufficient dimensions for all motion to occur without combination. However, in the solid bi-rotation case, each "half" of the bi-rotation requires 2 dimensions. 2D + 2D = 4 total dimensions required, and there are only three available. The only way the system can exist in a 3-dimensional reference is to "share" one dimension between the two solid rotations.

If there were 4 dimensions available, the two solid bi-rotations would interact exactly like two photon bi-rotations, going through double dimensional reduction and resulting in a simple harmonic motion (the two rotations being reduced to linear vibration). But since there are only 3 dimensions available, and one axis is shared—that axis cannot be reduced. When the two solid rotations interact, they go through a single dimensional reduction—two solid rotations being reduce to a rotational vibration.

We now have identified bi-rotations and solid bi-rotations as building blocks. So, is a three-dimensional rotation possible, manifesting as a hyper-rotation? Short answer: no. To conserve motion, a 3D rotation would need a second 3D rotation to form the hypersolid bi-rotation, requiring 6 dimensions. There are only three, and we cannot share all three axes, because you cannot have the same motion going in two opposite directions, it is geometrically impossible. Therefore, our construction is limited to single and solid bi-rotations.

Particles

Another consideration of solid bi-rotation is that the resulting structure is a single rotation. And we already know that two single rotations can exist as a bi-rotational system, so therefore two solid bi-rotations can simultaneously exist within the time region—a "double solid bi-rotation".

This results in the following:

• Single bi-rotation: Positrons and electrons.
• Solid bi-rotation: An motion that appears as a positron or electron, but is much heavier: the Muon.
• Double solid bi-rotation: An motion that appears as a bi-rotating electron pair, but extremely heavy: the Tauon.

These basic systems compose the first half of the leptons. Now to the second half: their neutrinos.

Paired electrons and electron triplets have already been discussed in another topic. Let's take a closer look at their behavior.

Electron/Positron pairs:

A motion with one, free dimension which carries the pairs with the progression of the natural reference system at the speed of light. Dimensional reduction gives the pairs a geometry of a linear vibration, which has no area or volume, and therefore cannot have any resistance when moving through either material or cosmic solids. As long as there is one free dimension, these pairs will move freely through both material and cosmic atoms.

Charged Electron/Positron triplets:

No free dimensions; so can be captured. Triplets with a net temporal displacement will become trapped in material atoms, adding to the mass. Triplets with a net spatial displacement will move thru material atoms without resistance, but attracting each other (since the rotational magnitude exceeds the unit space boundary)—two dimensionally, forming "electron surfaces" and staying on the periphery of conductors: aka, "skin effect."

Based on the behavioral characteristics, the electron/positron pairs are electron neutrinos. The charged state of the electron neutrino is not recognized by legacy science, but does occur in nature.

Muons:

The solid bi-rotation leaves no free dimensions, and it appears geometrically as a single rotational vibration. But it's displacement would allow the capture of an electron (muon) or positron (anti-muon). When the single rotation of the muon interacts with the single rotation of the electron/positron, a bi-rotating system will be formed, going through dimensional reduction down to a linear vibration. In this state the muon will behave like the electron/positron pairs, passing thru matter and having neutral charge. This "charged muon" is the muon neutrino.

Tauon:

The double solid rotation of the tauon naturally reduces to a linear vibration, as in the muon neutrino. Each can capture an electron or positron pair, causing a further dimensional reduction to 0 dimensions: a point. Therefore, though the structure is viable, there would be no way to detect it. This "charged tauon" is the tauon neutrino.

Epilog

A century ago, Nikola Tesla discovered a unique form of electricity he referred to as Electro-Radiant energy. These days we call it "cold electricity." This form of electricity was unusual… it did not require a closed circuit path to flow, it did not heat inductors, and was carried by the "skin effect" across wiring, possessing tremendous voltages.

We now know what Tesla's Electro-Radiant energy is: charged electron neutrinos. Undiscovered and ignored by legacy science, because they believe through their theories that the electron neutrino is always neutral, they have never even looked for it. But it IS there, and can be harnessed. In Nature, we call it "ball lightning."

Larson was puzzled by the charged neutrino, because the charge for a material neutrino was in space, acting as though the magnetic rotating system had the rotational vibration rather than the electric rotation (which, being in space, would have its charge in time).

The concept of vibration in RS2 differs from Larson's work in the respect that vibration occurs from the compounding of motion, it just isn't "there" as it is in the RS. In order for a neutrino to become charged, it would have to capture the necessary motions to impart a vibrational component to its motion.

Therefore, the muon neutrino, M ½-½-0 would need to capture a charged electron, 0-0-(1)*, which has its charge in time. The composite motion would have the dimensions of the electron neutrino, M ½-½-(1)*, since the charge was necessary to trap the electron in the time of the muon neutrino rotation ("time" of rotation to "time" of charge does not constitute motion).

As determined with charged electrons, the vibration of the photon upon the rotation of the electron creates a 1-dimensional, rotational vibration. So logically, the rotational vibration of the electron would impart a rotational vibration to the magnetic component of the neutrino. The magnetic rotation, being 2-dimensional, would create a 2-dimensional, or "solid", rotational vibration.

The natural unit of 1-dimensional rotation is π radians. Thus, a 1-dimensional rotational vibration moves from 0 ⇒ π, then π ⇒ 0. When plotted on the Argand diagram, the spatial component oscillates between +1 and -1, completely skipping the imaginary axis--just what you would expect of a simple, harmonic motion.

But the solid, 2D rotation is 4π radians in "circumference", not the customary 2π (it takes 4π rotation to complete a revolution). This means that when a charged electron imparts its rotational vibration upon the neutrino, it will take a periodic, 4-phase appearance running from 1+0i, 0+1i, -1+0i, 0-1i ...  which will be viewed as π/2 steps across the real axis: +1, 0, -1, 0, ... .

In the uncharged state, there are three neutrinos: electron, muon and tau:

M ½-½-(1) -- uncharged, electron neutrino

M ½-½-0 -- uncharged, muon neutrino

M ½-½-1 -- uncharged, tau neutrino

But the situation changes in the CHARGED state. The basic rotation, the muon neutrino of ½-½-0 captures a charged electron, or an electron neutrino ½-½-(1) becomes charged, it causes the muon to being oscillating between +1, 0 and -1. The resulting motion has three different rotational combinations, that appear in sequence (remembering that conventional science can only observe and measure the REAL axis):

[RV² = -1 + 0i] M ½-½-(1) -- charged, electron neutrino

[RV² = 0 - 1i] M ½-½-0 -- charged, muon neutrino

[RV² = +1 + 0i] M ½-½-1 -- charged, tau neutrino

[RV² = 0 + 1i] M ½-½-0 -- charged, muon neutrino

In the CHARGED state, the neutrino does not appear as ONE particle, but THREE, depending on WHEN you measure it. This is referred to as neutrino oscillation, triggered by the 2-dimensional, rotational vibration that constitutes the magnetic charge.

Conclusion

1. Uncharged neutrinos always look like the particle they are, so there are three different flavors.
2. Charged neutrinos look like ALL three flavors, so depending on how and when you measure them, you could get either an electron, muon or tau neutrino.
3. The charged neutrino is observed as "neutrino oscillation"; the uncharged neutrinos are observed as stable particles.

The Reciprocal Geometry topic defined the basic geometric relationships between the various regions defined by Larson. From those relations, we have learned that space progresses linearly (translation) from the region of observation, and rotationally for the regions observed across any unit boundary. Since we observe and measure from the time-space region, I will proceed from that assumption.

The progression of the natural reference system therefore moves linearly outward in 3 dimensions from our perspective of the time-space region. Larson calls this the “progression of the natural reference system”, and RS2 supports his conclusions regarding this region.

However, once we cross the unit space boundary into the time region, where atomic motions take place, we view that region as counterspace—a polar region where rotation is primary. Therefore, it progresses rotationally—not linearly, and forms “rotational bases” as a natural consequence of that progression. Larson’s “direction reversals” are no longer a natural consequence, nor is the linear vibration creating the photon a natural consequence of counterspace.

So what does manifest? All we have to do is change speed from Unity, and see what develops. Working within the time region, we must have the spatial aspect fixed at unity, so only the temporal aspect is variable. Due to the discrete unit postulate, the minimum speed is 1, and must proceed in integer steps. The next logical step is therefore a speed of 1/2—the temporal aspect increasing by 1 natural unit.

The result: a unit of rotating “time”, which in Larson’s original notation^† would be 0-0-1. This makes the first identifiable manifestation as the positron (not the photon).

† Larson uses a different notation in his earlier publications that include the “rotational base” as 0-0-1 for sub-atomic particles. He later dropped this notation, and used 0-0-0, which included the assumption of an underlying “base” displacement. This change, and the resulting fact that 0-0-0 worked better as a notation, indicates that the concept of a “rotational base” may be flawed.

It’s cosmic counterpart, a speed of 2/1 (where the temporal aspect is fixed at unity) becomes the c-positron, 0-0-(1), which is identified as the electron.

Here, again, the natural consequences of rotational space differ from Larson’s original conclusions in two respects:

1. the positron is the first manifestation (Larson has the photon), and
2. the electron is a cosmic particle (Larson has it as a material particle).

The fact that the electron is actually a cosmic particle clears up much of the observed electron behavior, particularly its photon-like wave/particle duality.

Charge on Electrons

Electrons and positrons come in two “flavors”, charged and uncharged. Larson attributes this to the addition of a rotational vibration, though the origin of this rotational vibration is left unexplained. A second problem with Larson’s electron model is that it does not account for the ability of the electron to emit “radio waves”—something that cannot be ignored.

The photon is comprised of two rotations, working as a birotating system, resulting in a cosine wave function—Larson’s “linear vibration.” (See Nehru’s paper, The Photon as birotation to see how this can be derived from the RS).

In a 3-dimensional system, this birotation occupies 2 dimensions, leaving one dimension “free” so the photon is carried by the progression of the natural reference system at the speed of light.

The positron and electron, as described above, can be seen as having either one or two rotations, with one of the two rotations moving at unit speed. This puts them in the behavioral category of photons—electrons and positrons are just “special case” photons, with the “special case” being that one of the birotating components is at unit speed.

Larson describes the uncharged electron as acting photon-like, being carried by the progression of the natural reference system at the speed of light. When the electron acquires a charge, it no longer moves at the speed of light but becomes a free-roaming “particle”, “static electricity.”

Analysis of this behavior indicates that the uncharged electron has at least one free dimension to be carried by the progression, and it loses that (or those) dimensions when acquiring a charge.

Consider: what if an uncharged electron, a spatial displacement, encountered a photon of spatial displacement? Since the relation of space-to-space does not constitute motion, the photon will become trapped within the electron. The uncharged electron, being comprised of a “half birotation”, has two “free” dimensions at unit speed. The photon, a “birotation”, has one free dimension. When a photon gets trapped inside an electron, the photon occupies the two free electron dimensions, and the electron occupies the one free photon dimension, leaving no dimensions to be carried by the progression of the natural reference system. This capture results in two observable effects: first, the electron is no longer being carried by the progression, and has become a free-roaming particle (behavior of the charged, “static” electron). Secondly, the cosine-wave function of the photon birotation will be added to the basic rotation of the electron, producing a 1-dimensional, rotational vibration (the “charge” of the charged electron).

The charge on the electron is therefore a captured photon.

Radio “Waves”

Earlier I mentioned “radio waves”, which are “electromagnetic energy” or just simply “photons.”

The only constraint for an electron to capture a photon is that the photon have a spatial displacement—the number of units (“Frequency”) does not matter—they will still be captured by electrons, as it is the spatial displacement that is the mechanism of capture, not the quantity. And which photons are the ones with spatial displacements? Larson calls them “low frequency”: near ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio and television.

We can now see the mechanism of how radios work. Electrons capture and/or emit photons, and are the carriers of photons thru conductors. It is a noticed effect of RF (Radio Frequency) circuitry and antennae—the “skin effect”—where the electrons travel across the surface of the conductor—not thru it. This is the same behavior of charged electrons (surface “static” electricity) versus uncharged electrons (thru the conductor).

Electron Pairs—Birotating Electrons

Since an electron can capture a LF photon—space-displaced motion—and an electron is also a photon-like, space-displaced motion, the possibility arises that an electron can also capture another electron, resulting in an “Electron Pair as a Birotation” (See: Superconductivity: A Time Region Phenomenon, KVK Nehru, Reciprocity XIX #3, 1990). Nehru, quoting Larson from Basic Properties of Matter, p. 113, states:

“[In the] uncharged state the electrons cannot move with reference to extension space, because they are inherently rotating units of space, and the relation of space to space is not motion. … In the context of the stationary spatial reference system the uncharged electron, like the photon, is carried outward… by the progression of the natural reference system.”

“But as the temperature is decreased below the critical value T_c, and the electrons in the solid enter the region of the inside of the compound unit of space, the direction of the electron motion changes from outward to inward from the point of view of the stationary reference system. Thus the electrons start moving toward each other, as if mutually attracting.

“Remembering that the electron is a unit of rotational space, when two of them with anti-parallel rotations approach each other to an effective distance of less than one compound unit of space, the two opposite rotations form into a birotation. As explained in detail elsewhere (The Law of Conservation of Direction, Reciprocity XVIII #3) a birotation manifests as a SHM [Simple Harmonic Motion]. We might call this process the “pair condensation,” following the conventional nomenclature.”^††

††See the RS2 article “Photons” for the Euler relations showing how two rotations join to form a simple harmonic motion.

Nehru goes on to state the characteristics of paired electrons as being:

1. The character of the motion changes from rotational (two-dimensional in extension space) to linear (one-dimensional in extension space).
2. The magnitude of the motion changes from steady (constant speed in time) to undulatory (varying speed in time).
3. The dimensional reduction removes all electrical resistance when flowing thru a conductor (superconducts).

For all practical purposes, the paired electrons act like a photon, with one important difference—the two electrons are adjacent in time, and therefore do not have to be adjacent in space.

Electron Triplets—Charged, Birotating Electron Pairs

Paired electrons, through this “dimensional reduction”, only occupy two dimensions, and still have one “free” dimension—a dimension that can capture yet a third electron. This capture adds a rotational motion to the vibratory motion of the prior, birotating electron pair, and will produce a rotational vibrating electron “trinity,” adjacent in time, but distributed in space.

The result? Birotating, paired electrons can come in two “flavors”: uncharged (behaving as a photon) and charged (behaving as a charged electron).

There are now four possible electron combinations:

Electron Type	Movement	Attraction/Repulsion	Classification
Uncharged Electron	Speed of light	Neutral	“Hot” Electricity
Charged Electron	Static	Repels
Paired Electrons	Speed of light	Neutral	“Cold” Electricity
Charged, Paired Electrons	Static	Attracts

The latter two form the basis of an idea known as Cold Electricity, which theorists assume is the type of electricity that Nikola Tesla used in many of his machines.

Electron Aggregates

Electrons, actually being cosmic positrons, have a spatial displacement and hence fall in to the intermediate speed range. In other words, their rotational speed is faster than the speed of light. This results in two interesting phenomena:

1. All electron motion is quantized when we measure it. This suggests that the quantum distribution of electrons about atoms is a property of the electron—not the atom.
2. All electron motion is 2-dimensional—appears as a surface, not a volume.

A third item was also discovered that is unique to charged electron pairs:

3. The charged electron pairs, being composed of three electrons, has sufficient spatial displacement to have a physical effect outside of the unit boundary (described in the “Inter-Atomic Distance” chapter of Larson’s Basic Properties of Matter, where the effect outside unit space is computed via the natural logarithm of the net displacement, and ln(3) > 1).

What this means is that the charged, paired electrons, which attract each other in extension space, will actually form aggregates—and those aggregates will be in the form of a surface. The simplest such surface is a hollow sphere.

This bears a remarkable resemblance to Kiril Chukanov’s devices presented to ISUS members in Utah a couple of years ago, as well as defining all the basic characteristics of ball lightning (ignores gravity, ability to pass thru solid objects, hollow, bubble-like structure), and the “EVs” that Phil was discussing.